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What is the purpose of surfactants in formulations?

  1. To stabilize pH levels

  2. To emulsify oil and water

  3. To increase viscosity

  4. To act as preservatives

The correct answer is: To emulsify oil and water

Surfactants are compounds that are added to formulations to help emulsify or mix oil and water-based ingredients together. This is essential in various skincare products such as creams and lotions that contain both oil and water components. By incorporating surfactants, the product's texture, consistency, and stability can be maintained, ensuring that the oil and water components do not separate. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Option A is incorrect because stabilizing pH levels is typically the role of pH adjusters, not surfactants. Option C is incorrect as increasing viscosity is usually achieved by using thickeners or stabilizers in formulations. Option D is incorrect as preservatives are used to prevent microbial growth in products and ensure their safety and shelf life, which is a different function from what surfactants perform.